Colonialism in Africa

Expansionism in Africa Free Online Research Papers Expansionism and its Direct Effect on the Rise of Nationalism in African Culture In America, today, the battles of Africans throughout history have gone broadly unnoticed, except for bondage in the America. Africa is an assorted gathering of individuals of a wide range of foundations and dialects. This is because of the colonization of Africa by Europeans, which was trailed by numerous battles to recover their autonomy as their own kin. To completely comprehend, an individual must investigate imperialism and its immediate impact on the ascent of Nationalism in African culture. Imperialism is characterized as an approach by which a country keeps up or expands its power over remote conditions, or in progressively sensible terms a misuse by a more grounded nation of more vulnerable one; the utilization of the more fragile countrys assets to reinforce and advance the more grounded nation (dictionary.com). An expansive verifiable comprehension of direct European frontier effect on the African landmass goes back in any event to the spread of the Roman Empire to North Africa. The more contemporary period of European imperialism, that was sanctified by the Berlin Conference of 1884-85, was gone before by a slow procedure of European venture into Africa over about 400 and fifty years (Schraeder 50-1). Starting in 1434, Portuguese voyagers under the authority of Prince Henry the Navigator started cruising the West African coastline with plan of spreading Christianity and to improve Portuguese political-military force. The consistent development of Portuguese travelers denoted the start of what is generally brought in the West the time of investigation (the outlining and mapping of terrains beforehand obscure to European forces, before a definitive inconvenience of pioneer rule). One of the most obliterating parts of expanding outside impact in Africa toward the finish of the fifteenth century was the worldwide recognition that subjugation was a genuine and vital apparatus of political-military and monetary extension (51). Many slave exchange courses showed up with the staggering acknowledgment of subjection by the world outside of Africa. The most unmistakable was the Atlantic slave exchange, likewise called the European slave exchange, which fundamentally dispatched captives toward the Western Hemisphere (52). The Atlantic slave exchange started during the fifteenth century and was overwhelmed by the European forces. Slaves were looked for as modest work to work the pioneer ranches in the Americas that created an assortment of items that were sent out to Europe. For Africans, the slave exchange time planted the seed of patriotism as Europeans partitioned and isolated families, taking the most capable individuals to work in the Western Hemisphere as slaves. Taking the most abled Africans eased back improvement in the remainder of Africa, and the slaves were kept in the least fortunate conditions no creature, not to mention human being, ought to endure. Regularly numerous Africans picked passing, by bouncing in the shark invaded water, instead of keep on living their lives as a slave. While the slave exchange planted the seed of patriotism, the utilization of the country state framework grew further development. The starting points of the country state framework lie in the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, which finished the Thirty Years’ War in Europe. The bargain denoted the start of the country state framework, in which sovereign political elements free of any outside specialists practiced power over people groups dwelling in independent domains with authoritatively checked limits. The burden of the European country state framework made a progression of fake expresses that, in contrast to their partners in Europe, didn't advance step by step as per the desires of nearby African people groups. They rather were developed by European specialists with little worry for nearby financial or political-military conditions. Another effect of expansionism was the division of African ethnic gatherings among various pilgrim states (62). The Somali individuals of the Horn of Africa are a striking model. Recently joined by a typical culture however deficient with regards to an incorporated position, this traditionally sectioned political framework was oppressed and partitioned among four supreme forces: Britain, France, Italy, and an autonomous Ethiopia. The issue with division of one individuals among numerous states is irredentism, or the political want of patriots to rejoin their isolated people groups in one bound together country state (63). Another issue with the country state framework is something contrary to the division of one individuals among numerous states. A third effect of European expansionism was the consolidation of beforehand isolated and profoundly various African people groups in a single pioneer state. Britain’s making of Nigeria delineates this provincial practice and its results. Nigeria is made out of more than 200 and fifty diverse ethnic gatherings. Just three of those ethnic gatherings contains about sixty-six percent of the absolute populace and fundamentally dwell in three unique regions of Nigeria (64). There are numerous issues related with the assortment of various gatherings that were never under a similar principle until the appearance of imperialism and the country state framework. It prompts language boundaries that will slow the advancement of the country state all in all. It causes conflicts between political societies. For instance, Britain picks a particular ethnic gathering dwelling in Nigeria to be in power. This prompts quarreling among the remainder of the clans and ethnic gatherings since they all accept they ought to be the elites. The greatest effect that the country state framework had among the African individuals was its division of families and companions, which is an essential in each african life. The country state framework forced limits directly in the center of towns, separating the individuals among various nations that will have rule over them, for example, Britain and France. Every nation kept exacting control of who enters and leaves, making it hard for families and companions to keep in contact, frequently prompting a complete loss of touch with a person’s family. Europeans frequently forced their political, legal, and police frameworks that were unfamiliar to all Africans, and made them change their social structure to fit the Europeans. Rather than depending on a boss, Privy Council, gathering of older folks, or town get together, which is what Africans were really going after at that point, they needed to change their lifestyles for the Europeans or face the results. Imperialism additionally forced an arrangement of an immediate fare economy. Europeans stripped the terrains of Africa for their own advantage and left local people with next to no to save. The hardships that the Europeans forced built up a feeling of character and pride all through Africa. Patriotism is characterized as a feeling of aggregate personality where a people sees itself as not quite the same as (and frequently better than) different people groups. Patriotism likewise infers the presence of an assortment of shared qualities, most remarkably a typical language and culture, yet additionally race and religion. The development of European â€Å"nations† (or strong gathering characters) for the most part went before and added to the formation of European â€Å"states†. The outcome was the production of feasible country expresses that delighted in the authenticity of their people groups. This procedure was turned around in Africa. Much of the time, the frontier state was made before any feeling of country existed (81). The possibility of opportunity, the underdevelopment of Africa, and the improvement of the idea of Pan-Africanism (sentiments of solidarity) were the reasons why the seed of patriotism that was planted and grown started to completely develop. Adding to the fire was the steady treatment of Africans by Europeans as inferiors, the improvement on African national associations, ascent of Islamic developments, and the ascent of the informed class. America likewise directly affected African patriotism alongside different nations that made models for Africans to follow. In the Atlantic Charter of 1941, the understanding by Roosevelt and Churchill, guaranteed that Africans could pick freedom and self-administration. The improvement of help and patriotism in Asia likewise energized Africans (in 1947 India took its autonomy from Britain). Likewise, the establishing of the UN in 1945 expanded the desire for all Africans for complete autonomy. An extraordinary part of African patriotism was its inalienably against provincial character. African patriot developments were strongly partitioned on political plans, ideological direction, and financial projects. Notwithstanding their disparities, be that as it may, the pioneers of these developments agreed on one point: the need and attractive quality of freedom from outside control. That longing turned into a reality for the African chiefs and individuals, yet not at the same time. There are four significant rushes of freedom throughout the entire existence of Africa (82). The primary influx of autonomy was set apart by tranquil changes and occurred during the 1950s. The wave was driven by the intensely Arab-impacted North African nations. Three nations outside North Africa likewise got freedom during this period followed by the previous French state of Guinea in 1958. The second flood of autonomy occurred during the 1960s, when in excess of thirty African nations accomplished freedom. The vast majority of these nations were previous British and French states. Every one of the three Belgian settlements likewise obtained freedom during this period and were joined by the Republic of Somalia. Beside some significant special cases, most quite France’s fruitless endeavor to overcome an ace freedom guerrilla rebellion in Algeria and the rise of the Mau guerilla uprising in Kenya, the decolonization procedure of the 1960s was additionally to a great extent serene. The withdrawing pioneer powers had just acknowledged the certainty of decolonization. Questions essentially stayed with regards to when and under what conditions (83).

Effectiveness of Lemon and Orange Peel as Insect Repellent Sample Essay Example For Students

Adequacy of Lemon and Orange Peel as Insect Repellent Sample Essay There are numerous workss that can be utilized for doing a creepy crawly repellent that is incredibly marked. The exploration specialist needed to do lemon and orange Peel as a creepy crawly repellent boss fixing since we can other than secure them the organic product in our ain tree or terrace and gain simply the Peel. The exploration specialist picked lemon and orange Peel since it is other than useful for our natural structure and covering. The lemon Peel contains Vitamin C and citrus extract which are useful for our covering. While an orange Peel other than contains Vitamin C. The Peels can monitor off mosquitoes. It’s said that mosquitoes and gnats are completely repelled by either fragrance. The fundamental oils that can be removed from lemon and orange Peel are the 1 that makes the mosquitoes wing off. Lemon and orange is generally known as a natural product that we can eat. We can other than do other product with its citrus extract and their Peel in brightening covering and a creepy crawly repellent. A creepy crawly repellant is a substance applied to climb. vesture. or on the other hand different surfaces which debilitates creepy crawlies ( and arthropods when all is said in done ) from set bringing down or mounting on that surface. Compelling creepy crawly repellants can shield you from genuine mosquito-and tick-borne sicknesses. In the United States. mosquitoes can pass on maladies like St. Louis phrenitis and West Nile infection. Ticks can pass on genuine infections like Lyme sickness. Rough Mountain spotted febrility. furthermore, Ehrlichiosis. I. Foundation of the study Today. lemon and orange are made non just for the organic product that it produces. The Peel other than can be utile and sound for our natural structure. It can other than give a few nutrients that our natural structure request. It can other than be utile in natural structure helping. Creepy crawly repellant is extremely basic for doing mosquitoes wing off. It can other than help forestall and order the emission of bug borne infections, for example, intestinal sickness. Lyme infection. dandy fever febrility. bubonic plague. furthermore, West Nile febrility. II. Articulation of the Problem This overview attempts to occur out the effectivity of lemon and orange Peel as a creepy crawly repellant. This study means to deliver a minimal effort however excellent bug repellant by using lemon and orange Peel as a significant fixing. This review intends to answer the undermentioned inquiries:* How can lemon and orange strip avert mosquitoes without seting synthetic concoctions on it? * What are the segments of lemon and orange Peel that is useful for covering? III. Hugeness of the Undertaking The exploration specialist site the significance of creepy crawly repellant to every individual. Bug repellant is acceptable in doing mosquitoes off. Lemon and orange Peel is extremely plentiful in Vitamin C that is useful for our covering. This is other than worth-production since it the fixings that the exploration laborer utilized are both nutritious and useful for our covering. This product of the examination laborer can be utilized non only for adults yet adjacent to for kids. This product is fitting for a wide range of covering. Also, it is less expensive than to a product sold in the segment shop. IV. Delimitation and Limitation of the UndertakingThe look into laborer was other than advantage in doing the anti-agents that is made of orange and lemon Peel. The clasp expend is 10-12 hours. The fixing can be given at place. The examination specialist will procure the orange and lemon Peel from the terrace while a portion of the stuffs will be purchased from a food advertise shop. The exploration laborer will demonstrate the repellant to any bit of covering. V. Meaning of Footings .u8ee723fffae286120d8825efff24f436 , .u8ee723fffae286120d8825efff24f436 .postImageUrl , .u8ee723fffae286120d8825efff24f436 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u8ee723fffae286120d8825efff24f436 , .u8ee723fffae286120d8825efff24f436:hover , .u8ee723fffae286120d8825efff24f436:visited , .u8ee723fffae286120d8825efff24f436:active { border:0!important; } .u8ee723fffae286120d8825efff24f436 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u8ee723fffae286120d8825efff24f436 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u8ee723fffae286120d8825efff24f436:active , .u8ee723fffae286120d8825efff24f436:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u8ee723fffae286120d8825efff24f436 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u8ee723fffae286120d8825efff24f436 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .u8ee723fffae286120d8825efff24f436 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u8ee723fffae286120d8825efff24f436 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8ee723fffae286120d8825efff24f436:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u8ee723fffae286120d8825 efff24f436 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u8ee723fffae286120d8825efff24f436-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u8ee723fffae286120d8825efff24f436:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Sampson Essay* Ehrlichiosis †is an infective illness transmitted by the nibble of a tick. * Citric corrosive †is a frail natural corrosive found in citrous organic product organic products. It is a characteristic additive and is other than used to include an acidic ( malodorous ) gustatory sensation to supplements and soda pops. * Encephalitis is inconvenience and puffiness ( redness ) of the encephalon. most as often as possible because of contaminations. * West Nile infection is a malady spread by mosquitoes. The status ranges from mellow to serious. * Rocky Mountain spotted febrility is an illness welcomed on by a kind of ba cteriums conveyed by ticks. * Lyme sickness is a bacterial contamination spread through the nibble of the blacklegged tick. Part II VI. Audit of related writing Orchestrating to Mrs. Daniels ( 2009 ) inquire about laborer in Singapore. mosquitoes do non like the scent of lemons and the lemon fragrance will other than keep up away mosquitoes. Make a pleasant glass of new lemonade with a new lemon thus take the left over lemon Peel and rub it onto your covering. The smell of the lemon will keep up away the mosquitoes. Lemon and oranges are other than known to keep up the gnats off. Gnats are those undersized bugs that buzz around your caput when you are looking to loll the extraordinary out-of-doorss. Ward them off with some lemon or orange Peels only like the mosquitoes. Eat the orange and they rub the Peel of the orange on your covering. Or on the other hand do lemon help and rub the lemon Peel on your covering to keep up the mosquitoes off. Utilizing orange or lemons to keep up the gnats and mosquitoes off from you when you are outside is a characteristic way to keep up the bugs off. You don’t need to pass cash on any costly mosquito or gnat repellant and you can eat the natural product before you utilize the Peels. It is affordable to use the lemon or orange Peels as mosquito and gnat repellant and it won’t hurt you or your children since lemons or orange Peels are on the whole characteristic. End Notes hypertext move convention:/en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Insect_repellent hypertext move convention:/en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Insect_repellent End Note hypertext move convention:/voices. country person. com/normal mosquito-repellent-orange-lemon-strips 3349596. hypertext markup language? cat=5

Unlock The Power Of Mind Maps For Business - Focus

Unlock The Power Of Mind Maps For Business - Focus The Perfect Business Org Chart Is there a secret to taking great meeting minutes? What are the most important things to consider when creating a project plan? Or a business plan for that matter? What information should be included, what shouldn’t? If you’ve never had to do one of the above before, the whole process could come across as quite daunting. But, what we all want to know is â€" what’s the most effective technique? No point in reinventing the wheel. Can someone give us the CliffsNotes version? Yes. We (MindMeister) can! We recently posted an article about the re-launch of Templates for MindMeister. What is a MindMeister template you ask? Well it’s exactly like a normal template, only in mind map form. Its an outline, a plan if you will, that guides you through the process of creating all sorts of business documents. It saves you time. We’ve done all the research and created the plan so that you don’t have to. All that’s left for you to do is populate it with information relevant to you, and also customize it to suit your needs. That way, you use your time more efficiently and where it matters. A template created on MindMeister is a living document, that means it can be edited and shared in real time, all updates are instantaneous and everyone involved can stay on the same page. Use a Template For Your Meeting Minutes Taking effective meeting minutes is easy if you plan ahead, stick to some important ground rules, and use a well-thought-out template. Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Meeting Minutes on MindMeister. Meeting minutes serve a dual purpose of keeping a record of topics that were discussed and noting down next steps. First off, note when and where the meeting will take place. We’ve added in a topic solely for stating the date, time and location. It is also important to indicate who attended the meeting and also who didn’t. You can use the attendees section for this. Like this Mind Map?It can be found in our new template library, accessible from the MindMeister dashboard Get started now Its Free Get started now Don’t forget to share your mind map with all attendees ahead of the meeting. That way, everyone will be able to access a visual representation of what’s been discussed, make their updates and share their notes in real-time. Keep track The bigger and more complicated a project becomes, the more essential it is to keep track of what’s been discussed in the past. Perhaps a key stakeholder forgot that he or she approved your changes months ago, or you have to look up an important decision that was made during the meeting. Keeping a detailed record of your meeting will prevent something like this from curtailing your projects progress. What’s great about using an online tool for this purpose is that you are not bound to two hours of searching through tons of folders and emails on your computer for a file containing old meeting minutes. A simple link to a Google document or previous mind map will do the trick. All your meeting mind maps can be stored in your MindMeister account, which you can access via a web browser or from your mobile devices. Ta-da! The agenda Next comes the agenda. Maybe the last meeting kicked-off the project and set goals. The next meeting is perhaps the forum to discuss progress and review which tasks have been completed. Include the key items up for discussion and feedback required in the agenda section. Then make sure everyone sticks to the agenda. Action items is where you can outline and list everyones tasks. What’s more, you can assign the tasks listed directly to the person responsible (the mind map needs to be shared with that person first). You can set the priority of each task (e.g. 1 = high), add due dates and additional notes, and show the task’s progress by making use of icons (the little squares in the image below). And finally, for all those bits of information that need to be mentioned but don’t really fit into one of the categories mentioned above, we’ve added in a notes section. To Template or Not to Template Your Project Plan? Project managers are often faced with the immense task of turning a grand idea into an actionable plan. And, if that isn’t hard enough, they’re often working with little budget and have an unrealistic deadline. Something along the lines of: “I want to launch a new product tomorrow â€" make it happen”. Okay, that was a bit of an exaggeration but you get the gist. But, after creating your first thirty project plans, you come to realize that they all bare the same attributes. They are all some form of the sacred project management triangle. A delicate balance of trying to create something of quality within the project scope and allocated budget, in a reasonable amount of time. This is exactly what makes a project plan the perfect candidate for a mind map template. Here is an example of how the template looks completely filled out: Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Project Plan New Product Launch on MindMeister. Start by writing the title of your project into the root topic located at the center of the map. Branching off center are the first-level topics: cost, scope and time. These topics are then divided further. Cost and scope Cost is where you can outline your direct and indirect costs. You can also attach quotes from both internal and external vendors, the monthly or yearly budget sheets or links to relevant documents. That way, everyone can see where you’re at in terms of budget at a glance. Scope is where you can get down to the nitty gritty. It is where you document your project’s goals and ultimately deliverables. There is a little bit of an overlap between the sections, so we’ve used relationship arrows (in green) to highlight this. Time and milestones Time has been divided up into various milestones, which in turn can be split up into specific tasks. As mentioned previously, you can also assign the tasks directly to the person responsible so long as the mind map has been shared with them. Just like in the meeting minutes template, you can add the completion status icon in as well. If a bottleneck occurs during the planning process, you can then pinpoint where and make the necessary changes. Mind maps are great for maintaining an overview of your project and its progress, but may not be the ideal solution for collaborative task management. This is why MindMeister integrates well with the online task management tool MeisterTask. You can easily drag and drop defined tasks into the MeisterTask footer located at the bottom of your mind map. This will export your tasks directly into a connected project board. If you like this template, you can find it on your MindMeister dashboard under templates, or alternatively, you could copy this one by simply clicking copy. The Perfect Business Org Chart Been putting off revamping your company org chart? Wait, back up a bit… do you remember where your company org chart is? No? Good news, we’ve got a template for that too! And, because it lives in the cloud, you can update it as and when necessary â€" change in job roles? Add new hires? It will be the only org chart you’ll ever need. Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Company Organogram on MindMeister. Bonus: You can also add contact details, email addresses, links to website profiles, and of course photos. There, the perfect organogram never looked so good. We waste so much time can be creating and formatting documents. Especially nowadays, our changes often need to be made and reflected instantly. Don’t waste time starting from scratch, and never update countless versions of the same file again. Instead, let us do the legwork for you. Use templates â€" now accessible straight from your MindMeister dashboard. Unlock The Power Of Mind Maps For Business - Focus The Perfect Business Org Chart Is there a secret to taking great meeting minutes? What are the most important things to consider when creating a project plan? Or a business plan for that matter? What information should be included, what shouldn’t? If you’ve never had to do one of the above before, the whole process could come across as quite daunting. But, what we all want to know is â€" what’s the most effective technique? No point in reinventing the wheel. Can someone give us the CliffsNotes version? Yes. We (MindMeister) can! We recently posted an article about the re-launch of Templates for MindMeister. What is a MindMeister template you ask? Well it’s exactly like a normal template, only in mind map form. Its an outline, a plan if you will, that guides you through the process of creating all sorts of business documents. It saves you time. We’ve done all the research and created the plan so that you don’t have to. All that’s left for you to do is populate it with information relevant to you, and also customize it to suit your needs. That way, you use your time more efficiently and where it matters. A template created on MindMeister is a living document, that means it can be edited and shared in real time, all updates are instantaneous and everyone involved can stay on the same page. Use a Template For Your Meeting Minutes Taking effective meeting minutes is easy if you plan ahead, stick to some important ground rules, and use a well-thought-out template. Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Meeting Minutes on MindMeister. Meeting minutes serve a dual purpose of keeping a record of topics that were discussed and noting down next steps. First off, note when and where the meeting will take place. We’ve added in a topic solely for stating the date, time and location. It is also important to indicate who attended the meeting and also who didn’t. You can use the attendees section for this. Like this Mind Map?It can be found in our new template library, accessible from the MindMeister dashboard Get started now Its Free Get started now Don’t forget to share your mind map with all attendees ahead of the meeting. That way, everyone will be able to access a visual representation of what’s been discussed, make their updates and share their notes in real-time. Keep track The bigger and more complicated a project becomes, the more essential it is to keep track of what’s been discussed in the past. Perhaps a key stakeholder forgot that he or she approved your changes months ago, or you have to look up an important decision that was made during the meeting. Keeping a detailed record of your meeting will prevent something like this from curtailing your projects progress. What’s great about using an online tool for this purpose is that you are not bound to two hours of searching through tons of folders and emails on your computer for a file containing old meeting minutes. A simple link to a Google document or previous mind map will do the trick. All your meeting mind maps can be stored in your MindMeister account, which you can access via a web browser or from your mobile devices. Ta-da! The agenda Next comes the agenda. Maybe the last meeting kicked-off the project and set goals. The next meeting is perhaps the forum to discuss progress and review which tasks have been completed. Include the key items up for discussion and feedback required in the agenda section. Then make sure everyone sticks to the agenda. Action items is where you can outline and list everyones tasks. What’s more, you can assign the tasks listed directly to the person responsible (the mind map needs to be shared with that person first). You can set the priority of each task (e.g. 1 = high), add due dates and additional notes, and show the task’s progress by making use of icons (the little squares in the image below). And finally, for all those bits of information that need to be mentioned but don’t really fit into one of the categories mentioned above, we’ve added in a notes section. To Template or Not to Template Your Project Plan? Project managers are often faced with the immense task of turning a grand idea into an actionable plan. And, if that isn’t hard enough, they’re often working with little budget and have an unrealistic deadline. Something along the lines of: “I want to launch a new product tomorrow â€" make it happen”. Okay, that was a bit of an exaggeration but you get the gist. But, after creating your first thirty project plans, you come to realize that they all bare the same attributes. They are all some form of the sacred project management triangle. A delicate balance of trying to create something of quality within the project scope and allocated budget, in a reasonable amount of time. This is exactly what makes a project plan the perfect candidate for a mind map template. Here is an example of how the template looks completely filled out: Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Project Plan New Product Launch on MindMeister. Start by writing the title of your project into the root topic located at the center of the map. Branching off center are the first-level topics: cost, scope and time. These topics are then divided further. Cost and scope Cost is where you can outline your direct and indirect costs. You can also attach quotes from both internal and external vendors, the monthly or yearly budget sheets or links to relevant documents. That way, everyone can see where you’re at in terms of budget at a glance. Scope is where you can get down to the nitty gritty. It is where you document your project’s goals and ultimately deliverables. There is a little bit of an overlap between the sections, so we’ve used relationship arrows (in green) to highlight this. Time and milestones Time has been divided up into various milestones, which in turn can be split up into specific tasks. As mentioned previously, you can also assign the tasks directly to the person responsible so long as the mind map has been shared with them. Just like in the meeting minutes template, you can add the completion status icon in as well. If a bottleneck occurs during the planning process, you can then pinpoint where and make the necessary changes. Mind maps are great for maintaining an overview of your project and its progress, but may not be the ideal solution for collaborative task management. This is why MindMeister integrates well with the online task management tool MeisterTask. You can easily drag and drop defined tasks into the MeisterTask footer located at the bottom of your mind map. This will export your tasks directly into a connected project board. If you like this template, you can find it on your MindMeister dashboard under templates, or alternatively, you could copy this one by simply clicking copy. The Perfect Business Org Chart Been putting off revamping your company org chart? Wait, back up a bit… do you remember where your company org chart is? No? Good news, we’ve got a template for that too! And, because it lives in the cloud, you can update it as and when necessary â€" change in job roles? Add new hires? It will be the only org chart you’ll ever need. Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Company Organogram on MindMeister. Bonus: You can also add contact details, email addresses, links to website profiles, and of course photos. There, the perfect organogram never looked so good. We waste so much time can be creating and formatting documents. Especially nowadays, our changes often need to be made and reflected instantly. Don’t waste time starting from scratch, and never update countless versions of the same file again. Instead, let us do the legwork for you. Use templates â€" now accessible straight from your MindMeister dashboard.

The Dalai Lama And The World s Oldest Religion - 1975 Words

The Dalai Lama once said, â€Å"Major religious traditions carry basically the same message, that is love, compassion and forgiveness†¦ the important thing is they should be part of our daily lives† (Huffington Post). This quote by the Dalai Lama speaks to the issues of pluralism and interfaith understanding. Pluralism is used to describe the diversity of different cultures and how they actively interact with one another. It engages the differences between cultures to obtain a deeper, more profound understanding of each other’s beliefs. To engage in pluralism means to equally support, accept and participate in the decisions of various religious groups as well as placing a positive value on faith and practice. In pluralism, all religious practices are considered beneficial as long as they follow the laws of the state and do not harm individuals within the community. Hinduism is commonly thought of as the world’s oldest religion. There are approximately one billion Hindus worldwide. The vast majority live in India, although there are large populations of Hindus in South Asia, United States, Australia, Western Europe, and Canada. Hindus recognize a supreme being that can exist in copious different forms and identities and several local deities as well. Some of the important deities include Vishnu, Shiva and Shiva’s consort. Vishnu is a God that has been depicted to have arrived on Earth in both the forms of a human and an animal. It has been said that his purpose was toShow MoreRelatedMan Who Gave Up Money1200 Words   |  5 Pages Man Who Gave Up Money Go to a mall in America on any given weekend, and you will see herds of consumers buying clothing and other material goods that they believe defines them as individuals. Now fly halfway around the world and visit a place like Tibet or a Japanese Shinto Buddhist temple, and we see individuals define themselves not by material possessions, but by their spirituality. Can a nation like the United States whose populace is so entrenched in possession be able to change theirRead MoreHinduism And Buddhism : What Is Hinduism?1986 Words   |  8 PagesBuddhism What is Hinduism? ‘The religion life of India is like the river Ganges. It has flowed along for thousands of years, swirling from its own power, but also from the power of new streams that have added to its force’. (pg 78 Fifth edition Experiencing the world’s religions, traditions, challenges, and change) Hinduism, is the main religion of India and is the worship of numerous gods with a faith in a solitary celestial reality. Hinduism has numerous divisions of religion, but they have a relatedRead MoreIs India A Country Of Ethnic Religious And Linguistic Pluralism Par Excellence?1364 Words   |  6 Pagesconcept of religion, and how did It contribute to the creation of other faiths that coexist harmoniously until today. It is essential to define the term â€Å"religion† first to be able to realize whether the meaning has shifted when we refer to south Asian beliefs. Religion derives from the Latin word â€Å"Religio† which means obligation, bond or reverence. T.N Madan noted in his essay that in Lucretius, it also mean â€Å"fear of gods†. Therefore the question becomes, are all what we refer to as â€Å"religions† in IndiaRead MoreJudaism And The Jewish Prayer3766 Words   |  16 Pagesgetting into a group of ten called a minyan. Like other religions, the length and style of the prayer depends on the synagogue. Synagogues will usually hire a professional singer, called hazzan, to lead in the congregation of the prayers. Often times Jews will swing back and forth while praying, but it is not mandatory. Jewish prayers are considered invalid if proper concentration and awareness is not displayed. †¢ Judaism is the oldest religion that still exists to this day. 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Realists go on to note that as China gets more powerful and the United States position erodes, two things are likely to happen:

Taking a Look at Mental Illnesses - 563 Words

Mental illnesses are a serious matter that affect a person as much as someone with a physical illness. Mental illnesses are medical conditions that affect a person’s mental health. They are as serious as other disorders such as diabetes and should be treated as so. The amount of talk by those who aren’t well informed and often assume has created many misconceptions about mental illnesses. In order to successfully make those around people with mental illnesses to be aware of the harm these disorders cause a person these misconceptions need to be cleared. Mental illnesses need to be treated like the threat they indeed are like real illnesses. Mental illnesses are conditions in which a person’s mental health is affected to a point that they aren’t able to cope with life’s expectations. An example is a common known disorder known as depression, when someone experiences depression they may feel like they no longer want to thrive and be happy in their life. This happens due to the amount of brain activity the disorder causes to diminish. According to www.nimh.nih.gov when a person has depression he or she may expirience being very tired, a loss of interest in activites once enjoyed, and thoughts or attemp of suicide. Depression is caused by a couple of factors are genes and brain chemistry which is irregular to normal people. Stress is a major factor that affects those with the mental illness because they are not able to cope with it like the majority of people. The fact isShow MoreRelatedMental Illness : The World Of Sexually Transmitted Disease1266 Words   |  6 Pagesclinics- there is no such thing a s a cure. There is only adjustment.† Neil Gaiman’s quote on psychiatry in the world perfectly explains why â€Å"43.8 million (American) adults experience mental illness in a given year† (â€Å"Mental Health By the Numbers†). Mental illness is something not to take lightly. In my personal experience, mental illness can be life-changing. 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(My Turn: Should People withRead MoreImplications of the Professional Project of Psychiatry Essay640 Words   |  3 PagesThe care for people with mental illness has a long and interesting history. Prior to the 19th century the care of the mentally challenged were in the hands of â€Å"mad doctors† and non-medical administrators who were running large asylums. The challenge this emerging field was faced with has to do with taking over the control of these asylums from these lay administrators and creating a credible medical foundation upon which mental health interventions will be built. One of the strategies used to achieveRead MoreCuriosity And Discovery Has Always Fueled My Ambition803 Words   |  4 Pagesof behavior in people and noticing how they would act when certain factors were present. As I matured, I grew more interested in the role genetics had in behavior and mental illness, something I grew to be very passionate about. 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Bandura’s Social Modeling Free Essays

Albert Bandura argues that personality is shaped not only by environmental influences on the person, but also by the person’s ability to influence the environment. Social learning states that thinking is an important determinant of behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on Bandura’s Social Modeling or any similar topic only for you Order Now The inclusion of cognitive viewpoints within a behavioral framework has been a relatively recent trend, especially apparent in the work of personality learning theorist J.B. Rotter. Rotter believes that the most important variables in determining personality are the person’s expectations concerning future outcomes and the values of different reinforcements that might occur in a particular situation (Atkinson et al., 2000; Smith et al., 2001). In other words, a person’s behavior depends on what he expects the outcome to any particular action to be and what those outcomes are worth. The likelihood that someone will be aggressive when trying to return a merchandise to a department store would depend then, on that person’s expectation about whether or not aggression will work (Atkinson et al., 2000). In Bandura’s viewpoint, human motives (Atkinson et al. 2000; Papalia, 2002).   With this premise, the theory is basically leaning toward the philosophical idea of freedom.   Man is free to chart his course and how he is supposed to fulfill his various needs; i.e. his physiological dimension. In addition, the manner with which he carves himself in a particular niche that satisfies his psychological domains is also based on his own volition. There is no flavor of unconscious thoughts pervading motivation like when the idea of psychological instincts being interpreted within Maslow’s understanding; in contrast to this notion, any individual can basically control their own behavior. This theory believes on the capacities of human nature to achieve what man wants to achieve rather than be held captive by forces within him or in his external world; it is the internal determinants such as we may choose skills to lie dormant or latent (Papalia et al., 2002; Smith et al., 2002). For example, i may not imitate aggressive behavior unless i am provoked or/and believe that I am more likely to be rewarded by it than punished for it. Since the premise of this theory hinges on freedom, a person’s characteristics therefore are developed by social influences. According to Bandura and later by personality theorist Rotter, Observational Learning,   accounts for most human learning. It occurs when, as children, in my case for instance, I observe my parents cook, clean, or repair a broken appliance. Biology or heritability is deemphasized, rather the value of being introduced on a particular aspect or several aspects of human experience is basis or the basis for the development of human characteristics. There is evidence that observational learning for simple â€Å"single action† tasks, such as opening the halves of a toy barrel to look at a barrel inside, occurs as early as one year (Smith et al., 2001). This theory eventually emphasizes individuality or uniqueness, as it fundamentally illustrates in its assertion that every one has the capability for breakthroughs in circumstances which may be difficult. Man is also capable to learn and communicate about himself and others (Papalia et al., 2002; Smith et al., 2002). Observational learning is not mechanically acquired through reinforcement. We can learn by observation without engaging in overt responses at all. It appears sufficient to pay attention to the behavior of others (Atkinson et al., 2000). Since man is free, unique and has the possibilities to accomplish whatever he is set to do, it is also asserted that man is proactive: he can choose how to respond in any situation and may even extend himself to advance his interests, both positive and negative at whatever goal or in whatever circumstance he may be in (Papalia et al., 2002; Smith et al., 2002; Atkinson et al., 2000). The theory overall is hopeful and positive in every essence.   Individuals then have all the chances to make their lives fulfilling, impact others on virtues of honesty, charity and generosity, if and when he determines himself to be one. Likewise, he can also influence and negatively affect those that surround him when he chooses to do so. In this perspective then, an individual has high hopes of changing his attitudes and disposition, as well as his physical arrangements in life (Papalia et al., 2002; Smith et al., 2002). How to cite Bandura’s Social Modeling, Papers

Policy Critique on Homogenous Classes

Introduction Background Information Picciotto (2011) bemoans the fact that math classes at the school where he teaches are not tracked. Picciotto (2011) is a math teacher at Urban School where the school administration has adopted the heterogeneous mode of grouping students. The teacher reports that the Urban School lacks an honours or a remedial tracking system.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Policy Critique on Homogenous Classes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Students with different abilities are taught in the same class, receiving similar materials and equal attention from the teachers. As a result of this, Picciotto (2011) reports that the teachers in the math department have been forced to come up with teaching strategies to enable them cope with the situation. This teacher (and all the teachers in the school’s math department) would have liked the school administration to separate stude nts on the basis of their intellectual abilities. The implication here is that the segregation would have made the teachers’ work easier and would have had more benefits for the students. Picciotto (2011) voices his opinion regarding the debate that has been raging in the United Kingdom and other western nations for a long time. The debate revolves around the issue of grouping students in school depending on their intellectual ability. According to Henderson (2007), there are schools which have adopted the policy of separating students into groups for all subjects, particular classes or curriculum on the basis of their academic ability. This practice leads to a homogenous class with students possessing similar or almost similar academic abilities. This means that gifted students are separated from their peers, receiving different materials from different teachers. In some cases, the gifted students are made to skip grades depending on their perceived academic abilities (Ziebe r 2009). Schools adopting this policy usually assign high calibre teachers to these classes while the classes with low achievers are left with those teachers who are regarded as low achievers. Tracking and Homogenous Grouping of Students Segregation of students can occur at various levels. There are those schools which separated the students into small groups within their classes. This means that gifted students remain within the same class with their low achieving peers but they are grouped together (Henderson 2007). On the other hand, the gifted students may be grouped together in one classroom, leaving their low achieving counterparts in another class of their own.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, there are schools which do not separate their students on the basis of their academic ability. This means that the gifted students are taught together with th eir low achieving counterparts. The gifted students receive no special treatment from the teachers. The students receive materials that are the same from the teachers regardless of their academic ability. This practice is what Cromwell (2004) refers to as a heterogeneous policy. It is what the Urban School where Picciotto (2011) teaches math has adopted. As already indicated, Picciotto (2011) and other teachers in his department would like the Urban School management to adopt a homogenous policy. However, one cannot help but wonder whether Picciotto and his colleagues are aware of the negative impacts that a homogenous policy has both on the students and on the school as a whole. This is given the various weaknesses that are associated with this policy. This paper is going to critique the homogenous classes’ policy similar to that advocated by Picciotto (2011) and his colleagues in the Urban School. The critique will be based on the internal and external factors and influence s that inform the formulation and implementation of such a policy. The critique will be prospective or forward thinking in nature, with this author looking at the reasons why the homogenous policy advocated by Picciotto and other people who share his opinion may not work. In this critique, the author will provide the reader with a better alternative to homogenous classes. The alternative in this case will be mixed-ability or heterogeneous classes. The Homogenous vs. Heterogeneous Classes’ Debate As indicated earlier in this paper, Picciotto (2011) represents one side in the raging debate pitting those supporting homogenous classes’ policy against those who are for heterogeneous classes’ policy. This being the case, it is important to look at the arguments that are fronted by the supporters of homogenous classes. A critique will then be made on these arguments, making a case for heterogeneous classes. Advantages of Homogenous Classes So, why does ability grouping or tracking theorists remain adamant as far as this policy is concerned? This question can be answered by looking at some of the alleged advantages of this policy:Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Policy Critique on Homogenous Classes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Increased Pace of Learning Tracking or homogenous classes’ policy places learners with similar academic abilities in one group or class. According to Jan, Sara Sidney (2004), this increases the pace of learning on the part of these students. Proponents of this policy argue that students in such classes can understand concepts within short periods of time as compared to what would have happened in a heterogeneous class. Gifted students in heterogeneous classes will be forced to pace down their learning in order to accommodate the slow learners. According to Jan et al. (2004), this leads to wastage of time and slowed learning on the part of the gifted students. However, this point seems to be skewed in favour of the gifted learners. One cannot help but wonder why the proponents of homogenous classes are not into consideration the slow learners. Does tracking help them advance their learning skills too? Probably not: the proponents would not fail to highlight such an achievement. Ability to Provide the Learners with Individual and Personalised Attention Cromwell (2004) is of the view that this is one of the oft-cited strengths of homogenous classes. According to these proponents, individual attention in a heterogeneous classroom is hard if not impossible. This is given the fact that the teacher is forced to divide her attention equally among all the learners in that class, their academic ability notwithstanding. However, personalised attention is possible in a homogenous class or group. This is given the fact that the teacher is able to teach the students in a given group at the pace appropriate to that given g roup. According to Henderson (2007), this enhances the learning process by helping the students move along the lessons faster. A critical analysis of this argument will prove that it is a veiled attempt to justify personalised attention for gifted students. Why do the proponents of homogenous classes find it so hard to accept the fact that the slow learners are also entitled to equal attention from the teacher? With such kind of favouritism, it is not hard to understand why a homogenous policy in Urban School will not work. Boosting Confidence of the Learners Advocates of homogenous classes will argue that a heterogeneous class does not boost the confidence of both the gifted and weaker students. For example, the weaker students find it hard to compete against the gifted students given the fact that the latter always emerge at the top of the class (Zieber 2009). This being the case, the weaker students may develop low self-esteem and this may deteriorate their performance further.Ad vertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, this is not the case in a homogenous classroom. Learners in such a classroom are at a more or less the same level. Playing ground is levelled for both weaker and gifted students (albeit in their respective groups or classes), and this boosts their determination. However, one cannot fail to question the honesty of this argument on the part of the proponents of homogenous classes. This is just another attempt by this school of thought to protect the interests of the gifted students. It is an attempt to further their ‘intellectual purity campaign’ that is not unlike the racial purity campaign advocated by the Nazi regime in Germany during the reign of the communists. This argument is aimed at justifying the relegation of weaker students into intellectual oblivion. What does the Future Hold for Homogenous Classes’ Policy? Having looked at the strengths and benefits of homogenous policy as laid down by the proponents and having refuted all of them, it is now important to look at what the future holds for this policy in the United Kingdom and the whole of the western world in extension. A critical analysis of this policy will prove that there is need for an alternative which is more beneficial both to the gifted and the weaker students. There is need for a different policy that takes into consideration the needs of the weaker students while at the same time appreciating the special capabilities of the gifted students. There is need for a policy that is all encompassing; a policy that does not improve a select group of students at the expense of others. This alternative is the heterogeneous or mixed-ability policy. It is the only policy that can work for schools in this country in the future. Following are some of the reasons why this author feels that homogenous classes’ policy is not suitable for this country and instead, it should be replaced with a heterogeneous policy. They are the reasons why Picciotto (2011) and his colleagu es in the math department should support the Urban School’s heterogeneous policy: Homogenous Policy is a Separatist Policy Ireson, Clark Hallam (2002) are of the view that homogenous classes increase feelings of segregation among the students. It is hard for some of the students to manage the feelings that are associated with separating them based on their academic ability. What homogenous classes achieve at the end of the day is a form of a ‘caste system’ within the country’s education sector (Ireson et al. 2002). This will in effect lead to unnecessary divisions among students who are not to blame for their academic abilities. But this is not the case when it comes to heterogeneous classrooms. There are no feelings of separation of segregation given the fact that all the students are treated equally by the teachers. This is the reason why even parents in most schools are against homogenous classes. It is perhaps one of the reasons why they management at Urban School has continued to support heterogeneous classes even in the face of opposition from some of the teachers. Criteria Used for Separating the Students May not be Subjective and Inaccurate According to Teachnology (2011), most of the systems and strategies that are used to divide the students into groups might not be objective and accurate. Most of the times, it is noted that the criteria used is based on the subjective opinion of the teachers regarding the academic ability of the students. Proponents of homogenous policy argue that standardised test which is used most of the times is accurate. However, it is a fact beyond doubt that standardised tests have many flaws and weaknesses and cannot be regarded as objective criteria in separating the learners. According to Adodo Agbayewa (2011), the tests may fail to accurately reflect the academic abilities of the learners, meaning that some of them may be assigned to inappropriate groups. In a nutshell, the separation of stude nts in homogenous classes is not scientific at all. This being the case, it is not hard to imagine why a heterogeneous classes’ policy is the best alternative. There is no room for subjectivity and unscientific evaluation of the learners’ abilities. Conclusion The arguments given above to support heterogeneous classes’ policy are in no way exhaustive. There are other reasons why homogenous policies may not work calling for heterogeneous classes. For example, a homogenous class is characterised by the unconscious treatment of the students as superior or inferior on the part of the teachers. Also, it is noted that students from minority groups such as blacks and those from poor backgrounds comprise a huge number of students in weaker groups. This being the case, homogenous policies extends the class differences in the society to the classroom. Students in the low performing group are also stigmatised by their peers and the teachers. This does not help in improving their academic performance. It is against this backdrop that this author advocates for a heterogeneous class policy in our schools. References Adodo, SO Agbayewa, JO 2011, Effect of homogenous and heterogeneous ability grouping class teaching on student’s interest, attitude and achievement in integrated science, International Journal of Psychology and Counselling, 3(3), 48-54. Cromwell, S 2004, Homogenous or heterogeneous: Which way to go?   Web. Henderson, L 2007, Multi-level selective classes for gifted students, International Education Journal, 8(2), 60-67. Ireson, J, Clark, H Hallam, S 2002, Constructing ability groups in the secondary school: Issues in practice, School Leadership Management, 22(2), 163-176. Jan, AB, Sara, SW Sidney, MM 2004, Gifted students perception of the academic and social/emotional effects of homogenous and heterogeneous grouping, Gifted Child Quarterly, 48(1), 7-20. Picciotto, H 2011, Notes on heterogeneous classes. Web. Teachnology, 2011, Does grouping students by ability work? Web. Zieber, M 2009, A quick glimpse of heterogeneous grouped classes: Benefits within multilevel learning environments. Web. This critical writing on Policy Critique on Homogenous Classes was written and submitted by user Zariah Richard to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Art is life Essays - Mumbles, Swansea Bay, Hands And Knees

Art is life Essays - Mumbles, Swansea Bay, Hands And Knees Art is life Jenny walked into the small yet crowded caf? and moved as close to the counter as she could. Scanning the place out of the corner of her eye, she checks to see if there could even be a small corner open for her to squeeze into after she orders her coffee. Maybe coming to this caf? wasn?t the best choice, she ponders. This place is full to the brim with smelly dreads and unwashed clothing. Did she accidently walk into a soup kitchen? Her judgement seems to be getting the best of her and she turns around only to end up tripping over the person behind her and falling onto her hands and knees. Someone scrambles to help her and she assesses the damage, a broken toe and a scraped up knee. Don?t they believe in washing the floor? She?ll need a tetanus shot no less. Finally jenny adjusts her gaze to the hand that helped her. Fighting the urge to pull away, she allows the guy to help her up before looking into his face to apologize. Mark watches as a woman a few feet ahead of him seems to have inner battle with herself before finally ending on the floor. He attempts to help her up but can only see the disgust she has for the place and quite possibly him, written all over her face. Whats her deal? I could just leave her there. She brushes him off, mumbles an apathetic apology and then pushes through a couple back out the door. Shrugging, he turns around and accepts his usual coffee plus an extra in hopes to maybe catch the overly hasty lady outside the door.

History of Electric Christmas Lights

History of Electric Christmas Lights Like so many things electrical, the history of electric Christmas lights begins with Thomas Edison. During the Christmas season of 1880, Edison, who had invented the incandescent bulb the previous year, hung strings of electric lights outside his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. An article in the New York Times  on December 21, 1880, described a visit by officials from the New York City government to Edisons laboratory in Menlo Park. The walk from the train station to Edisons building was lined with electric lamps was illuminated with 290 light bulbs which cast a soft and mellow light on all sides. Did You Know? The first use of electric Christmas lighting was by Thomas Edison in 1880.The first illuminated Christmas tree was shown off by one of Edisons employees to reporters who visited his Manhattan house in 1882.Electric lights were very costly at first and required the services of a trained electrician.When the cost of electric lights became affordable, their use quickly spread as they were much safer than candles. It doesnt appear from the article that Edison intended the lights to be associated with Christmas. But he was hosting a holiday dinner for the delegation from New York, and the novel lighting seemed to fit in with the holiday mood. Up to that time, it was common to illuminate Christmas trees with small candles, which could, of course, be dangerous. In 1882, an employee of Edison put on a show with electric lights that was fully intended to establish the practical application of electricity to the celebration of Christmas. Edward H. Johnson, a close friend of Edison and the president of the company Edison formed to provide illumination in New York City, used electric lights for the first time to illuminate a Christmas tree. The First Electric Christmas Tree Lights Johnson rigged up a Christmas tree with electrical lights, and, in typical style for the Edison companies, he solicited coverage in the press. An 1882 dispatch in the Detroit Post and Tribune about a visit to Johnson’s house in New York City may have been the first news coverage of electric Christmas lights. A month later, a magazine of the time, Electrical World, also reported on Johnson’s tree. Their item called it â€Å"the handsomest Christmas tree in the United States.† Two years later, the New York Times sent a reporter to Johnson’s house on the East Side of Manhattan, and an astoundingly detailed story appeared in the edition of December 27, 1884. Headlined, A Brilliant Christmas Tree: How an Electrician Amused His Children, the article began: A pretty as well as novel Christmas tree was shown to a few friends by Mr. E.H. Johnson, President of the Edison Company for Electric Lighting, last evening in his residence, No. 136 East Thirty-sixth Street. The tree was lighted by electricity, and children never beheld a brighter tree or one more highly colored than the children of Mr. Johnson when the current was turned and the tree began to revolve. Mr. Johnson has been experimenting with house lighting by electricity for some time past, and he determined that his children should have a novel Christmas tree. It stood about six feet high, in an upper room, last evening, and dazzled persons entering the room. There were 120 lights on the tree, with globes of different colors, while the light tinsel work and usual adornment of Christmas trees appeared to their best advantage in illuminating the tree. An Edison Dynamo Rotated the Tree Johnson’s tree, as the article went on to explain, was quite elaborate, and it rotated thanks to his clever use of Edison dynamos: Mr. Johnson had placed a little Edison dynamo at the foot of the tree, which by passing a current through from the large dynamo in the cellar of the house, converted it into a motor. By means of this motor, the tree was made to revolve with a steady, regular motion. The lights were divided into six sets, one set of which was lighted at a time in front as the tree went round. By a simple devise of breaking and making connection through copper bands around the tree with corresponding buttons, the sets of lights were turned out and on at regular intervals as the tree turned around. The first combination was of pure white light, then, as the revolving tree severed the connection of the current that supplied it and made connection with a second set, red and white lights appeared. Then came yellow and white and other colors. Even combinations of the colors were made. By dividing the current from the large dynamo Mr. Johnson could stop the motion of the tree without putting out the lights. The New York Times provided two more paragraphs containing even more technical detail about the Johnson familys astounding Christmas tree. Reading the article more than 120 years later, it’s obvious that the reporter considered the electric Christmas lights to be a serious invention. The First Electric Christmas Lights Were Costly While Johnson’s tree was considered a marvel, and Edison’s company tried to market electric Christmas lights, they did not become immediately popular. The cost of the lights and the services of an electrician to install them was out of the reach of the general public. However, wealthy people would hold Christmas tree parties to show off electric lighting. Grover Cleveland reportedly ordered a White House Christmas tree that was lit with Edison bulbs in 1895. (The first White House Christmas tree belonged to Benjamin Harrison, in 1889, and was lit by candles.) The use of small candles, despite their inherent danger, remained the popular method of illuminating household Christmas trees until well into the 20th century. Electric Christmas Tree Lights Made Safe A popular legend is that a teenager named Albert Sadacca, after reading about a tragic New York City fire in 1917 caused by candles lighting a Christmas tree, urged his family, which was in the novelty business, to begin manufacturing affordable strings of lights. The Sadacca family tried marketing electric Christmas lights but sales were slow at first. As people became more attuned to household electricity, strings of electric bulbs became increasing common on Christmas trees. Albert Sadacca, incidentally, became the head of a lighting company worth millions of dollars. Other companies, including most notably General Electric, entered the Christmas light business, and by the 1930s electric Christmas lights had become a standard part of holiday decorating. Early in the 20th century the tradition began of having public tree lighting. One of the most famous, the lighting of the National Christmas Tree in Washington, D.C., began in 1923. A tree, place on the ellipse, at the southern end of the White House grounds, was first illuminated on December 24, 1923 by President Calvin Coolidge. A newspaper report the following day described the scene: As the sun sank below the Potomac the President touched a button which lighted up the nations Christmas tree. The giant fir from his native Vermont instantly blazed with myriad electrics which shone through tinsels and reds, while those who surrounded this community tree, children and grown-ups, cheered and sang. The crowds on foot were augmented by thousands who came in motor cars, and to the music of the singers was added the discord of horns. For hours the people thronged to the ellipse, which was dark except in the spot where the tree stood, its brilliancy heightened by a searchlight which shed its rays from the Washington Monument overlooking it. Another prominent tree lighting, at Rockefeller Center in New York City, began modestly in 1931 when construction workers decorated a tree. When the office complex officially opened two years later, the tree lighting became an official event. In the modern era the Rockefeller Center tree lighting has become a yearly event carried live on national television.

International interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International interview - Essay Example He says that with the economic decline and the need for employees with college degrees, he has seen the need to go back to school and finish his studies. He looks forward to completing his BS studies in another three years and hopes to land a job as a manager of a hotel or become a banker. He claims that he actually is not interested in management or in numerical subjects but promising jobs for his course can lead him to succeed financially therefore, he took Management. Andrew Hale is a third year college student majoring in Physics. For him, education is his key to becoming competent and employable in this highly competitive world. Hale says he wants to become a professor in Physics because he wants to share the knowledge that he gained in school and the passion he has for sciences, with the younger generation. Liza Brown on the other hand is in her final year majoring in dentistry. She says that her mother who is also a dentist is the greatest influence in her decision because she has seen how productive her job is. In addition to helping people with their dental needs, she says she will also be able to earn decently because of the increasing demand for

Distributive Justice Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Distributive Justice - Term Paper Example The benefits are obvious in that everyone potentially has the same chance and ability as a result of the use of distributive justice. The drawbacks are also clear however, in that this approach means that the individual’s property may not in fact be theirs, which can lead one to potentially question the idea of the individual’s right to own property in the United States today. Robert Nozick would argue that while there is a place for government that place should not extend to property. He promoted the idea that the majority cannot take from the minority unless they agree to it. Justice was outlined with three principles by Nozick, the principle of justice in acquisition, principle of justice in transfer and principle of the rectification of injustice. These principles were all sound, and when presented with a set amount of property and an increasing population the principle of transfer becomes important. Each individual may share what they have however; none of the indi viduals can be forced by the governing body to do so. Each individual can purchase property or trade for property from another but no individual can be forced to do so. Nozick stated, â€Å"The principle of distribution in accordance with moral merit is a patterned historical principle, which specifies a patterned distribution† (156). With less government intervention as he sees it is possible to see some parts of society have more property than another, however, if everyone is working to provide for and purchase property with the intent of generating either personal gain or simply a stable life for one’s family unit than these patterns as Nozick says would adjust themselves based on need and the natural tendency of society as an entity’s to grow and change. The principle of justice in acquisition was directly connected to the principle of justice in transfer for Nozick. He saw that some people steal, defraud, enslave, seize and utilize force to exclude others f rom competing. It was his idea that none of these were beneficial or right. However, contrary to his approach and views regarding the right or wrongness of these others actions he still supported the use of state based decision making with regards to what is fair or not. He wrote, "Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are to be of greatest benefit to the least-advantaged members of society." And yet he also believed that stealing, defrauding, enslaving and more were wrong. If we use a distributive approach as he would have us do we are in fact ensuring that the less fortunate will gain much needed items, however, we are also ensuring that the state is made to forcibly or through the threat of force take from others to supply this. While the idea of distributive justice is a fair minded one it is a difficult approach to rectify when attempting to prevent civil crimes or crimes against the individual. We see by looking at Nozicks approach that it is impossi ble to promote absolute equality without taking from someone which in turn immediately discards the idea of equality. While the balance has been accomplished with product and property there will now be impropriety within the system of law which translates to inequality within the law. This approach would in effect cause the state to be a criminal simply by its

Fallacies involving credibility and context

Fallacies involving credibility and context Chapter 6 Fallacies Involving Credibility Fallacies of Context Fallacies Involving Credibility APPEAL TO AUTHORITY using testimonial evidence for a proposition when the conditions for credibility are not satisfied or the use of such evidence is inappropriate. This is usually called appeal to false authority, because not all appeals to authority are bad. Think of any celebrity endorsement commercial-Michael Jordan telling you to wear Hanes underwear. MJ is awful cool, but hes no Undergarment Scientist. From an advertising point of view this is good business, but not from the logical viewpoint. More sinister occurrences happen when someone who is an authority in a specific field urges a proposition concerning a related field. For example, you may have seen one of these commercials for the miracle weight loss pill-the endorser in the white lab coat with the stethoscope is not a doctor at all (in one case I saw someone in labeled in residency which is apparently all the experience you need to give a medical recommendation for super-fat-destroying pills). AD HOMINEM-using a negative trait of a speaker as evidence that their statement is false or their argument is weak. Abusive This is the easiest form of this fallacy to spot. It goes like this You shouldnt pick Susan to be on our basketball team because shes a computer geek. This fallacy aims at saying something distasteful about a persons character. It is appropriate to attack someones character if it is on a relevant topic. If the prosecutions star witness has a history of lying, that is very pertinent to the case. Exception to the rule it is OK to point out a negative personality trait as long as it is relevant. For instance, Ms. Smiggles declares that she saw Mr. Rwowrth murder Mr. Gritspit. But many of her friends and coworkers have declared that Ms. Smiggles is a notoriously liar. Circumstantial-This form of Ad Hominem aims to hurt a persons reputation through an association with something in that persons context. For instance You shouldnt vote for Hilary Clinton because her husbands brother is in jail. You can attack someone for being in a bad circumstance that they helped cause. For example if someone is running for political office and it comes out that they were once part of a business that went bankrupt and that candidate had made decisions that contributed to the companys demise, that would be important evidence to consider. Tu Quoque-This means you too; it happens when one corrupt politician says to another corrupt politician Youre corrupt and the other one responds that doesnt matter, you are too! That is to say, this is not a real excuse. If we found out that the Secretary of Defense had been using his government credit card to buy weekends in France, the Secretary of Defense will not help himself by saying, but everyones doing it! Poisoning the Well-A particularly wicked kind of attack. For example if someone were to say Of course you support universal health care, youre a liberal! The insinuation is that the accused is so dominated by their own ideology that they cant think straight (see terrorists). The accused person can now say nothing that is not suspicious. Every reason that accused person would produce to support their claims will fall under the category, Things Liberals Always Say. So the accused person is left defenseless. The other way round it might look like this Of course you support increased defense spending, youre a conservative! implying that being a conservative made it impossible to rationally consider defense spending. Surely there are people who are so completely wrapped in their own point of view that they cannot be rational, but this kind of attack is bad because it prevents any further debate. Fallacies of Context FALSE ALTERNATIVE (FALSE DELIMA) excluding relevant possibilities without justification. This fallacy usually presents two alternatives, one which the arguer wants you to pick and one which is undesirable. For example, You can either volunteer for military service now, or you can be drafted later. You dont want to wait to be drafted later as grunt, so you should volunteer now. The problem is that those arent the only two options available to us. This fallacy is often committed by the demagogues who say things like youre either with us or youre against us. The move tries to scare people into joining the speaker for fear of becoming their enemy. POST HOC-using the fact that one even preceded another as sufficient evidence for the conclusion that the first caused the second. This will be the foundation of a lot of the superstitions. I stepped under a ladder, and that made me have a bad day. Stepping under the ladder only came before the rest of my day, but stepping under the ladder did not cause the rest of my day to sour. More sophisticated versions of this fallacy seek to reinterpret history such as Since the American Civil War occurred before World War I, the Civil War is obviously the cause of World War I. Slipper Slope-This version of Post Hoc seeks to set up a chain of events to connect two unrelated propositions. Heres an example If you start listening to the Beatles, youll want to listen to other rock n roll, then youll listen to Nirvana, then youll start smoking and drinking, and that will lead marijuana, which will in turn lead to coke, crack, meth, and steroids, and the only way to keep up youre habit youll have to steal, and someone will shoot you. So, if you dont want to be shot to death, dont listen to the Beatles. HASTY GENERALIZATION-inferring a general proposition from an inadequate sample of particular cases. Taking to few samples and then generalizing to broadly is whats happening here. This fallacy is most often seen in arriving at stereotypes of people. For instance, The perpetrators of the 9/11 massacre were Islamic, therefore all Islamic people are terrorists. COMPOSITION-inferring that a whole has a property merely because its parts have that property For example, This sparkplug is part of the car. It is very light. So, the whole car must be light. This is a lot like Hasty Generalization. Heres a more sinister example, Ralph is Native-American and Ralph is an anarchist, so all Native-Americans must be anarchists. DIVISION-inferring that a part has a property merely because the whole has that property. For instance, This computer is heavy, so all of its parts must be heavy. More sinisterly, In the U.S., most people believe in God, so my buddy, Garth, must believe in God.

Ecological System’s Theory: Understanding Urie Brofenbrenner

While growing up in the 1970’s and 1980’s, during a time when homes were comprised of two parents and strong community involvement; children clung to the high ideals of possibly becoming an astronauts, a doctors, a lawyer, members of the NBA, educators and clergymen. These ideals were possible because of the values laid down by parents and their belief that each child should be better than those that came before them. Values of discipline, integrity, respect and dedication were lived on a daily basis, and settling for nothing but the best was definitely thrust upon you. Today, we see homes with one parent (usually the mother) and communities where your neighbor is your biggest enemy; struggling to survive because of the lack of rules put in place by the parent. Children are being disrespectful to authority figures, because parents refuse to create an atmosphere in which they were raised in. Many parents are being forced to work long hours to provide for the family, and children are raising themselves and making decisions that have no clear-cut design. Since young children are forced to make decisions on their own, many lack the direction in which they need to be successful in society. This is a direct result of parents who did not have the tutelage of parenthood, and can only pass on what they learned growing up, and the children have no role model to follow. Urie Brofenbreener, a developmental theorist, who developed a system model of human behavior, which described factors that led children down different paths and contributed to human development. In this paper, I will describe the various levels of the Ecological System’s Theory and how they relate to my growth as a person. Furthermore, I will describe how the different levels influenced my decision to not only complete a Masters Degree, but to enroll in a second Masters Degree program. Finally, I will show how the Ecological System and its processes have changed the direction of my career goals and forced me to rethink my desired contributions to society. In 1970, Urie Brofenbrenner was born, and so was the beginning of a desire to build a system that depicted the development of children and their behaviors while growing up. The Ecological Systems Theory has four levels that comprise the system which are Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem and Macrosystem. The first level is described as the Microsystems level. This level is the closest to the child, because of the individuals who have an immediate impact and play the most significant role in forming the child’s behavior. This level is considered the most important level of the four. Involved in this level are parents, teachers, neighborhood, and schools. This level is considered the most important because the child spends most time interacting with individuals within this layer. As a young male growing up in a single-parent home, I did not have the luxury of receiving values from two parents, so I had to rest my lorals, on that of my mother. My mother was the person that shaped and molded my early set of values, which gave me something to build upon as an adult. My siblings and I appreciated the hard work, loyalty and honesty our mother displayed in everything she did. The role she played in my life was valuable. But, there were more who played a major in my development. During the 70’s, 80’s and 90’s, neighborhoods were labeled as villages, and the motto was â€Å"It takes a village to raise our children. † Our neighborhood was like family. Each adult was empowered to discipline a child that got out of line or disrespected an individual in an authoritative position. Today, neighborhoods are living in a state of fear, due to the increase of violence of the young people who live in their neighborhoods. Youth are no longer receiving the values we grew up on, and make decisions that impact not only them, but a community. Gone is the mindset of the â€Å"village†. Parents are getting younger, which equals to fewer homes having the moral fortitude to develop youth that display integrity and loyalty. Children are no longer receiving the physical attributes of kindheartedness and dedication, but in fact, children are taking on the characteristics of their younger parents, who display anger and an attitude that everyone owes them something. The microsystem level may evolve over time, because each generation can change the system. Next is the Mesosytems level. Authors Jennifer Boemmel and Joan Briscoe (2009), states this level has a direct link to Microsystems such as the family experiences to school experiences, family experiences to peer experiences, school experiences to religious experiences. My family experiences of love and togetherness, allowed me to form my attitude towards making friends and learning how to socialize. It also taught me how to remain positive in the midst of turmoil. According to Brofenbrenner, if a child goes without positive family experiences, he or she may experience difficulty in making and sustaining friendships. The third level of the Ecological Systems Theory is the Exosystem level. Although it does not have a direct effect on the child, the exosystems level is very important in shaping a child’s behavioral pattern. As a Juvenile Probation Officer, this particular level is viewed on a daily basis; where single parents are forced to work double shifts and the children are left in the care of a neighbor or family friend, who does not have the same nurturing attitude as the immediate parent. This creates a stressful atmosphere, forcing the children to turn to people who display that loving and caring attitude. Normally gangs and kids who frequently commit criminal activities. Asked why they committed a crime or join a gang? The answer is always the same. â€Å"They love me† or â€Å"I had nothing better to do†. In my line of work, this false sense of being and existence, makes my job difficult and turning the youth around is pretty much impossible. The fourth and final level, is the Macrosystem. This level describes the culture in which the child lives in. Each child within this level shares a common identity, values and heritage. Growing up with six siblings, we all had different goals, but the end result for each of us was to be successful at whatever we chose to do. The values bestowed upon me, was the same for all of my siblings. We all shared the same sense of accomplishment and competiveness. Desiring to be better than the next sibling. My younger brother and I, shared the same drive when it came to sports. He wanted to be better than me, and I wanted to be better than him. We both had drive, which is a characteristic we saw in our mother. Although, we did not share all of the same characteristics, we did share the same level of desire. This level also supports the child within the environment and can influence the child’s behavioral development. Although never mentioned with the others, there is a fifth level of the original Ecological Systems Theory. The Chronosystem level involves the total of all the individuals experiences over their lifetime. For instance, when I was younger, my goal was to be a Guardian Angel. Guardian Angels were individuals who protected the black community and warded off any criminal activity. This group was non-violent, and did not carry weapons. My desire to be a protector, eventually led me to the United States Air Force at the age of twenty-two. For 23 years, I watched over this country with a disciplined eye that allowed me to become the person I am today. Also, my serving presented me the opportunity to pass along values to my daughter. Analyze how the levels influenced your decision to enter graduate school to obtain a Masters Degree. How the Brofenbrenner’s levels might impact the career goals within your area of specialization.

Confidentiality And Confidentiality On Standards For...

Most Important Standards After reading a variety of material on standards for career professionals, the two most important are confidentiality/privacy and professional responsibility. Confidentiality/Privacy Confidentiality/privacy are critical in counseling. The communication between the client and the counselor must stay confidential, unless client intends to harm self or others or legally information is needed for the court system (Capuzzi Stauffer, 2012). The National Career Development (NCDA) discusses the limitations to confidentiality in standard B.1.d (NCDA, 2015). A career professional is required to discuss with the client the limitations to confidentiality at the beginning and throughout the counseling process (NCDA, 2015). The ACA Code of Ethics breaks down confidentiality and privacy into two sections. Standard B.1.b discusses respect of privacy, which contains the counselor asking questions only if it is beneficial to the counseling process (ACA, 2014). Standard B1.c. discusses the respect for confidentiality and the disclosure of information only if there is consent or legal justification. I believe maintaining confidentiality/privacy is one of the most important aspects in counseling. The client will understand the significance of confidentiality and its limitations, while building trust into the counselor. Once the trust between the client and counselor is formed, the client can succeed through the counseling process. Confidentiality/privacy isShow MoreRelatedIeee Code Of Ethics And Standards Of Conduct880 Words   |  4 PagesEthics and Standards of conduct process for inexperienced teachers and to update career teachers, Ms Harrison stated that the MS Code of Ethics and Standards are covered in new teacher orientation before the commencement of the school term. Once school is in session, building level administrators are to review standards with new hires and career teachers. 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